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EXAM THREE STUDY GUIDE:

RECONSTRUCTION: This written lecture provided a developed timeline of the Reconstruction period in US history. It covered the three main phases of Reconstruction history - Lincoln, Presidential, and Congressional/Radical - and examined how they operated in Texas.

You need to be familiar with and able to find the following:

Where and how Texan learned about the end of the Civil War.
The Thirteen Amendment
How slaves went free in Texas. What did General Granger's General Order Number 3 actually do to free the slaves of Texas?
General Order No. 3's significance to Juneteenth
Abraham Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction
The Freedman's Bureau - it's purpose, limitations, accomplishments, and where it operated in Texas.
Andrew Johnson's background and personality
The logic he employed to argue that the president alone should handle Reconstruction
The nature of Presidential Reconstruction
What Johnson Stipulated and where he failed
The pardons
Texas in Presidential Reconstruction. Here, you need to know about the Constitution of 1866, the refusal to ratify the 13th Amendment, and the people who sat in the legislature in 1866. You should also be aware that Throckmorton served as governor in this period.
Black Codes and their effect

Congressional/Radial Reconstruction

When it started and ended
The demands it made on southerners
The 14th Amendment and its purpose
The 14th Amendment's effect on Texas in Congressional Reconstruction
How white Texans reacted to the freedmen getting rights under Congressional Reconstruction
The Constitution of 1869 and its provisions
The makeup of the Convention that wrote this document
EJ Davis
The Obnoxious Acts of 1870 and why white Texans in particular resented these laws
The State Police - where it restored law and order, its effectiveness, and its reputation and reception
The End of Reconstruction and the Constitution of 1876

END OF THE TEXAS FRONTIER: This thematic lecture covers several different subjects. It considers conditions on the frontier after the Civil War, the nature of Indian raiding in the late 1800s, and the involvement of the United States. It looked at cultural differences between people from the US and Native Americans, and examined how those differences contributed to western violence. The lecture noted that the US tried both peaceful and militaristic responses to the Natives of frontier Texas. Within this context, it also explored the difficulties faced by the reservation system by examining the experiences of children captured by Native tribes.

You should be know where to find/be familiar with the following:

How Texas changed after the Civil War and the implications for the frontier
The tribes involved in frontier violence - the Kiowa, Quahadi and Penateka Comanche. The Lipan and Kickapoo in South Texas.
The First Battle of Adobe Walls and its significance
The nature of frontier raids after the Civil War
The Sand Creek and Bear River Massacres and what they reveal about the behavior of Americans when it came to Natives
Behaviors by both US citizens and natives that triggered each other and why
The difference in magnitude between Native American and United States massacres
The United States' approach to western tribes after the Civil War and what the reservation system sought to accomplish
The meeting at Medicine Lodge Creek and what it revealed about the Comanche
What the US offered the tribes at Medicine Lodge Creek
The various reason why the reservation system failed to achieve peace or assimilate natives
Why reservations often did not supply the food they promised Native Americans
The experiences of children taken by Native American tribes and what their stories reveal about the limitations of the reservation system when it came to assimilation
Lawrie Tatum and his approach to western tribes
The Salt Creek Massacre of 1871 and its significance
Satanta and Satank and their fates
When the US army first started operations deep in uncharted Comanche territory
The significance of the buffalo to Texas tribes and their value to the United States
The Big Fifty and its significance
The nature of a buffalo hunting operation
The second Battle of Adobe Walls and the "most famous shot in western history"
Ranald Mackenzie, his experience against Natives, and the Red River War
Palo Duro Canyon
The September 28, 1874 attack at Palo Duro, and how Mackenzie inflicted permanent harm on the Comanche
How Quanah Parker managed assimilation
The Comanche today

CRIME IN TEXAS: This thematic lecture examined crime in Texas in the late 1800s. It broke down the various types of crime that plagued the state, studied significant criminals, examined why crime rates grew so terrible, and concluded with an examination of the Texas Rangers and how they managed to reduce the violence.

You should be familiar with or know how to find the following:

Types of crime in Texas - stagecoach robbers, bank robbers, killers, vigilantes, range and land wars, rustling, horse thieves, lynching and race murder, feuding parties, political wars
Ben Thompson - with individual criminals, be able to identify them from a description
Jim Miller
Cullen Baker
John Wesley Hardin
The Salt War
The nature of violence against the freedmen in late 1800s Texas
Lynching rates in Texas in the late 1800s
The Paris Horror and Antonio Rodriguez immolation and what they tells us about racial violence in Texas
Vigilante Actions and wars: The Mason County War, The Yegua Notch Cutters, the issue in Lampasas County between Pink Higgins and the Horrels
The Sutton-Taylor Feud, including the major figures and the two sides
The Jaybird-Woodpecker conflict
Violence in the Nueces Strip and King Fisher
Why conditions got so bad in Texas
Various efforts to combat crime in Texas - the State Police, The Frontier Battalion, the Special State Troops
The difference between the Frontier Battalion and the Special State troops
The Frontier Battalion and John Jones
How the Frontier Battalion slowed the crime rate in Texas - its tactics, behaviors in various conflicts - Mason County, San Saba, etc.
How the Frontier Battalion caught John Wesley Hardin
The Frontier Battalion and Sam Bass
Why Rangers proved effective against crime
The Rangers and their behavior/actions in the Salt War
Why Tejanos didn't always trust Texas Rangers, especially when we consider the action of the Special State troops in the Nueces Strip
The Porvenir Massacre

NEW SOUTH TEXAS: This written lecture explored the changes that took place in Texas during the New South period. It unfolded the nature of the New South and the men who developed the idea. It explored the centrality of the railroad in New South development, and the impact this industry had on Texas. Other subjects in this lecture included an examination of how the New South era affected Texas and Texans, and some of the industries that developed in the state in the late 1800s.

You should know/be able to find the following:

The new cities that emerged in Texas in the New South period
Population shifts in the New South period
The concept of the New South
Henry Grady and "The New South"
How Texas attracted Railroads and why locales wanted to attract this industry
The miles of track Texas constructed in the late 1800s
Orphan Trains and Texas
How railroads changed agriculture in Texas
Railroads and the emergence of commercial agriculture
Some of the social changes of the New South period - the emergence of the serial killer, weather disasters and why these got worse in the New South period, the emergence of consumer culture, and technological improvements
Dr Pepper
The industries developed with the help of the railroad
The Lumber and Coal Industries in New South Texas
John Henry Kirby and his success in the New South
The effect of the New South on higher Ed in Texas

THE CATTLE INDUSTRY: After the last lecture opened the concept of the New South, this lecture and one that followed explored two of the most important industries to emerge in the New South period - Ranching and Oil.

The cattle lecture examined the nature of Texas ranching, its history in Texas, then examined cattle fever, cattle driving, and the evolution of the enormous, capitalized panhandle ranches.

You should know/be able to find the following:

How ranching in Texas relates all the way back to the Reconquista
How ranching in other parts of the world differ from the activity in Texas
How Spanish and Mexican settlers first brought ranching techniques into Texas and why they preferred ranching to farming
What resources Spanish settlers got from Longhorn cattle, initially
The Lobanillo Swales and what they tell us about how cattle were driven in Texas in the Spanish period
How Anglos picked up ranching and some of the early Anglo ranchers
Richard King's operation and the Kinenos
The evolution of the long-distance cattle drive
Texas cattle fever, what it did to northern herds, and how it affected cattle driving
Babesia Bovis and its effect on cattle
Why this disease only existed in Texas
Where Texans drove their cattle, even after learning about cattle fever
The cattle trails - Shawnee, Chisholm, Western, Goodnight-Loving
The significance of Joseph McCoy and Abilene, Kansas
Oliver Loving and Charles Goodnight
The life of a Cowboy on the drives and on the range
The nature of a cattle drive
The cowtowns and their culture
Why open range operations limited the cattle industry in Texas
The significance of barbed wire and the advantages it allowed
The impact of fenced ranches on Texas
The evolution and emergence of large ranches in the panhandle - where they developed, the ranchers who developed them, their names
XIT
The business mentality that emerged in the panhandle with the evolution of fenced ranching
Fence wars and the legal response from the state
The ranches that did not survive
The long-term impact of fenced ranching on Texas

OIL IN TEXAS: This straightforward timeline lecture explored the early version of the oil industry in Texas.

You should be familiar with/able to find the following:

The history of oil in Texas
The early uses of oil in Texas
Kerosene and the refining process that isolates it
Shale oil vs crude
The Role of Pennsylvania in developing the oil industry
The emergence of commercial oil production in Texas - when and where this first developed
Corsicana and its early refinery and why this early oil discovery did not transform the industry in Texas
Spindletop and its significance to the Texas oil industry and the oil industry in general. You also want to look at what Spindletop did to southeast Texas in general.
Patillo Higgins and history story as it pertains to Spindletop
Salt domes
The difficulty in drilling at Spindletop and how expert drillers managed to stabilize the borehole
The Lucas Gusher
The wildcatting that took place in southeast Texas in the early 1900s and its effect on oil fields. The concept of HOT OIL
The major gushers in Southeast Texas in the Gulf Coast area
The first region of Texas to discovery an abundance of oil
The significance of the Lakeview Gusher
How Texas adjusted its laws and Constitution in reaction to developments in the oil industry, and why it was necessary to take this step
The Conservation Amendment and the actions of the Railroad Commission to protect the oil fields
The second place in Texas to experience an oil boom
Hendrick Field, what happened to it, and its significance to Texas oil law
The East Texas Oil Field
Dad Joiner and Daisy Bradford No. 3
What happened to East Texas when the East Texas oil field came in
How the state of Texas tried to get the East Texas field under control and the sources of resistance it faced
The declaration of Martial Law in East Texas
The Market Demand Act and the argument Texas used to evade the courts
How the election of Franklin Roosevelt, and his new, regulation-minded administration, sparked Texas to regulate more completely the East Texas field.
The Connolly Hot Oil Act of 1935
The overall effect of oil on Texas

REACTIONS TO THE NEW SOUTH: This lecture introduced some of the drawbacks of New South Texas. It ran thematically by subject, looking at workers first, then considering the situation with farmers. You should be able to find/be familiar with the following:

The conditions labor faced in New South Texas
The power that businesses and companies held over labor.
The issues with pay after being fired or quitting
Company towns and their drawbacks
Labor unions in Texas - the Knights of Labor, the AFL, skilled craft unions
Yellow Dog Contracts
Strikes: The Cowboy Strike, the Great Southwestern Strike, Longshoreman Strikes
The use of strikebreakers and the San Antonio Locomotive Explosion
The economic issues that emerged with commercial farming
The race farmers could not win
The reasons farmers could not return to subsistence farming
The tactics used by landowners so as to retain their lands - renting and such
Tenant farmers
Sharecroppers
Crop lien
How railroads took farmers' money
Farmer organizations, starting the the Grange
The Farmers' Alliances and why these worked better at reform than the Grange.
Farmers' Alliance speakers
The Colored Alliance and why it formed
The Cleburne Demands
Bulking cotton for sale and the Dallas Exchange
The Joint-note idea and what it ultimately did to farmers
The Ocala Meeting and Charles Macune
The subtreasury idea
The increasing radicalization of Farmers
Jim Hogg and Hogg Laws
The nature of stock watering